In the Spring 2024 semester at my former institution (UT-Arlington), I taught an upper division literature course titled “Early Modern Ecologies.” Students produced annotated bibliographies using a digital humanities resource called the Map of Early Modern London (MoEML), which is an interactive wiki with an embedded, navigable map of Shakespeare-era London. Based on the “eco” theme of the course, students had different options for sites to research, sites that were in some way a “water feature” on the map, such as rivers, ponds, wells, brooks, etc. Students also produced a reflection on their research process and made recommendations regarding their particular water feature whether or not it would be good for me to use with future classes, perhaps for collaboratively writing a full article for MoEML.
I want to thank my students for their participation and the energy they brought to this project, the result of which will probably be that I will use the Fleet River as a prime location to research in future versions of this project with courses I’m teaching.
Some students gave me permission to publish their findings here. Directly below, you can read through their annotations on different water features (and tangential areas) of early modern London: the Tower Wharf, Cripplegate Conduit, Walbrook, the Fleet River, and Cheapside (Great Conduit, Little Conduit, and the Standard). Some students worked alone and others in groups; therefore, some of the annotations may represent only a portion of the total entries that were written for a particular area (such as the Fleet River annotations), when I did not secure permissions from all of the group members. (Note: some minor formatting changes have been made from the original documents submitted by students in order to standardize the overall aesthetic for this composite annotated bibliography.)
Following the annotations, you can read student reflections on the project.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
TOWER WHARF by Madisen Barrera and Cyntia Lopez Lara
Kirilka Stavreva (1996) What narrative climax? Margaret more roper at the Tower Wharf, The European Legacy, 1:3, 988-993, DOI: 10.1080/10848779608579517
Stavreva presents the story of Margaret Roper, the daughter of Sir Thomas More. It narrates her reaction to her father’s beheading at Tower Hill for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as the head of the Church. This article analyzes this moment as the onsetting event of the Protestant Reformation in England. The King becoming the Head of the Church in England is marked by the punishment of a loyal and influential subject. However, the daughter is attributed as a figure of social change and revolution of the humanist movement. Stavreva does this by describing the Tower Wharf scene, the parting of father and daughter. It is useful in the retelling of a historical event.
Anthony Mackinder and Graham Keevill. The Proof House and Later Works at Tower Wharf, HM Tower of London: An Archaeological Investigation, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Transactions, 66 (2015), 267—82.
Mackinder with the contributions of Keevill analyzed the area surrounding the Tower of London. It is a historical and archaeological account through the Museum of London Archaeology as instructed by the Historic Royal Palaces. It locates Tower Wharf in the South side of HM (His Majesty) Tower of London, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The article differentiates between the Tower of London and the Tower Wharf. One is a monument, and the other is where ships dock, therefore there has been limited writing on it. As far as construction, finding suggests it was done around 1389 and later to be replaced by a ‘Proof House’ and ‘Charging House’. The maps and pictures give a clear understanding of the history of the overlapping constructions. It is useful to understand change over time.
Jonson, Ben, 1573?-1637. The Works of Beniamin Ionson. London:1616. ProQuest.
The excerpts of a play where Dauphine makes a plan to get his inheritance from his uncle. The plan involves Epicoene, who is actually a boy, who must marry the uncle. A secondary character, Truewit, first alludes to a murder at Tower Wharf. Additionally, Morose, the uncle, includes Tower Wharf when listing significant places in England. It is useful as it contributes to the mystique of Tower Wharf and England.
A Dialogue between the French Standards in Westminster-Hall, and the Guns on the Tower-Wharf, on the Anniversary of Her Majesty’s Birth, Suppos’d to Be Occasioned by Their Then Firing. London: printed for John Wickins, and sold by J. Nutt, near Stationers-Hall, 1705. Print
Part of English poetry of the 18th century. Eleven pages dedicated to her majesty. The citizens were to accompany Her Majesty to Tower Wharf. The Guns and the Standards were helping perform a ceremony that was important to the people and Queen Anne. John Wickins was a roommate and assistant to Newton at Trinity College. Excelled in his craft of transferring property titles and writing documents. This text is especially relevant when speaking about old traditions and the Wharf’s role in royal lives. It is useful for the background of an English artist.
Angus Graham-Campbell (2020) ‘The Poet or the Man’: Impressions of John Keats on William Smith Williams, The Keats-Shelley Review, 34:1, 7-11, DOI:10.1080/09524142.2020.1761108
Graham-Campbell explores the impact John Keats had on William Smith Williams. The English poet from the Romanticism era, famous for “Ode to a Nightingale”. As an apprentice to Keats, he wrote a poem about his mentor’s attractiveness and sentiments for leaving England at Wharf Tower. Williams went on to be Charlotte Bronte’s mentor. They met at Wharf Tower 30 years after he had parted from his mentor. It is interesting as it represents a turning point for the poet.
“The Tower Wharf Historical Marker.” Historical Marker, 27 Jan. 2022, www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=117359.
This source is from the Historical Marker Database or HMdb.org. It contains the inscription of the plaque that is in Tower Hamlets in Greater London, England, U.K. This page and the image of the marker were originally submitted by Michael Herrick, but the website is a collaboration of anyone who submits historical markers to them, so the original author of the plaque is unknown. The plaque informs the reader of the wharf’s history, a watercolor painting from 1615 by Michael van Meer, and an image of the poet, Geoffrey Chaucer. The wharf was built in the 13th and 14th centuries and was mainly used as a loading dock, but after the 1450s it was used for testing and storing firearms. When Edward III reigned, he extended the wharf to use in the Hundred Years’ War. This source is useful because the reader can access the historic plaque without any traveling and learn information. It is also important to see that this history is being taught to the locals and tourists and is still relevant to the area.
Knowles, Rachel. “The Tower of London – A Regency History Guide.” Regency History, 23 Nov. 2016, www.regencyhistory.net/2016/11/the-tower-of-london-regency-history.html.
Rachel Knowles is a historical author/blogger, and she has a very informative excerpt from a London Guidebook from 1809. This guidebook describes how cannons on the wharf’s platform are shot on state holidays or celebrations. The wharf is also connected to the rest of the Tower of London, and the gates on each end of it. This piece also talks about the wharf’s connections to the famous “Traitors Gate”. The rest of this site contains information on other historic places connected to London’s history. This excerpt is useful because it gives another perspective of what the wharf was used for throughout history and because this old piece of text isn’t easily available to the public, it being on a blog online allows anyone to learn this information now.
Neighbors, Dustin. “Tudor Royal Progresses.” MoEML, The Map of Early Modern London, 1 Jan. 1970, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/ROYA5.htm#TOWE10.
The MoEML provided a list of documents where Tower Wharf is mentioned. This specific one is from a document explaining what Royal Progresses were and an account of Queen Anne in 1553 and other royals using the Tower Wharf. The direct citation is by Edward Arber from “The Coronation of Anne Boleyn.” The Wharf wasn’t a typical place to enter on the river for royals, but because of the disapproval of Anne’s coronation, exceptions were made. After that, the Wharf was often used as an easy entrance for traveling royals or those being held prisoner through the Traitor’s Gate. This account helps portray the other important roles Tower Wharf played in tradition rather than just being used for trade or the less important part of the Tower of London.
Zabel, Jamie. “West Gate of the Tower.” MoEML, The Map of Early Modern London, 1 Jan. 1970, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/WEST34.htm#TOWE10.
This MoEML document is an account of the West Gate of the Tower which mentions Tower Wharf. The author is Jamie Zabel, and it was edited by Janelle Jenstad. The gate has two paths, one leading to Tower Wharf. This gate was also used for trade and deliveries just like Tower Wharf. When you use the MoELM, the sources are trustworthy and provide useful information, this is a good example of that. This source is relevant because there aren’t very many accounts of Tower Wharf, so anything that can be utilized to foster an understanding of this history is very important.
Official Site | Historic Royal Palaces, http://www.hrp.org.uk/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.
The Historical Royal Palaces is an organization taking care of historic palaces and holding events to continue old traditions. They aim for modern generations to learn about history and to continue their legacy while working to better the community. This source is a website full of information on historical events like the Ceremony of the Keys and Gun Salutes and many other tidbits of history. It informs the reader of how these ceremonies started and what role Tower Wharf plays. It mentions how Constables had a major job of getting dues from ships that were docking at the wharf. This source is especially relevant because it contains a lot of information not available elsewhere and it also helps provide context to the locations around the wharf. Knowing both the normal uses and the ceremonial ones is vital for a true understanding of Tower Wharf.
CRIPPLEGATE CONDUIT by Umber Batool
Citizen, and native of London. “Chapter 5, ‘Of the Ancient and Present State of London, as to Water.’” A New and Compleat Survey of London, Printed for S. Lyne, at the Globe in Newgate-Street; and J. Ilive, in Aldersgate-Street, London, pp. 78–87, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CB0130003743/ECCO?u=txshracd2597&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=de7d2e3a&pg=1.
This source is a historical document that attempts to provide an overview of various aspects of London’s history. It goes into great detail about the different wards within the city and gives some insight into the construction of the Cripplegate Conduit. It states that Sir William Eastfield, the mayor of London, diverted water from the River Tyburn to Fleet Street, where he constructed a Conduit. From there, he conveyed the water to Aldermanbury and to Cripplegate. The author points out how these new Conduits were funded primarily by private citizens, particularly merchants and men in public office. As London became increasingly supplied by other water sources, the Cripplegate Conduit and other conduits began to become outdated. Many of the conduits were deemed hindrances to the flow of traffic in the streets, which led to their dismantlement. The Conduit at Cripplegate was taken down in 1729, but its presence highlights the importance of providing clean water access to residents. The construction of the conduit also helps explain the interplay between private initiatives and municipal governance. The private funding of projects like this likely stemmed from a combination of civic duty and economic interests, with merchants and officials both looking to improve their standing within the community while still addressing infrastructure needs.
Cripplegate Conduit. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/CRIP3.htm. INP
This source provides a concise overview of the Cripplegate conduit, as documented on the MoEML website. It delineates Sir William Eastfield as the benefactor responsible for its establishment, with a specific request for the conveyance of fresh water from Teyborne. Sir William, identified as a mercer, entrusted the execution of this project to his estate administrators. The significance of this historical account lies in its revelation of the initiator behind the construction of the Cripplegate conduit, notably a prominent figure within the community. While the primary sources do not offer extensive insights into the political framework and municipal governance of the era, they do underscore the remarkable propensity of residents to undertake substantial civic endeavors independently. This underscores the absence of a comprehensive professional bureaucratic apparatus akin to contemporary structures, indicating that inhabitants of early modern London often assumed personal responsibility for the realization of communal projects. This source also sheds light on conclusions made in the previous summary, where it seemed many inhabitants assisted in the financing of the conduit instead of just one man. While neither source is explicitly clear, it is reasonable to assume Eastfield could’ve financed it while residents of the ward were tasked with its construction.
“Cripplegate.” Every Street in London, 1 June 2017, everystreetinlondon.com/tag/cripplegate/.
This source is a website that has a goal to list information about every single street in London. It talks about the present-day Cripplegate area and compares what it looks like now versus how it did before as events that happened in history (such as World War II) changed the shape of the area. It mentions the Cripplegate Tower, and how two thirds of it still remains. The source provides valuable pictures from the 1900s and recent pictures of this area today to show how the area has changed from the 1700s. It is deduced from this source that the Cripplegate Conduit is somewhere around Fore Street, as that is where the St. Giles Church is located. Overall, this source takes us through history past 1760 when the site of Cripplegate was demolished and explains what still remains of it.
‘Cripplegate’, in Old and New London: Volume 2, (London, 1878) pp. 229-245. British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol2/pp229-245 [accessed 8 March 2024]
This article does not directly reference the Cripplegate conduit, but informs us a lot about the life and environment of the Cripplegate ward. The source delves into the historical intricacies of the Cripplegate community, offering a multifaceted portrayal of its landmarks, notable figures, and significant events. Initially, it recounts the legendary account of miracles attributed to Edmund the Martyr’s remains passing through Cripplegate in 1010. This postern gate later served as a prison, echoing the fate of other such structures in London. Over the centuries, Cripplegate underwent multiple reconstructions, notably in 1244 and 1491, financed by civic benefactors like goldsmith Edmund Shaw. The narrative extends to the Church of St. Giles, the location of the conduit we are studying, which endured fire damage in 1545 but saw subsequent repairs. Noteworthy personalities associated with the church include the esteemed historian John Speed and the tragic figure of Constance Whitney, immortalized in local lore. Additionally, the chapter sheds light on the final resting place of renowned figures like Sir Martin Frobisher and the revered poet John Milton, whose tomb suffered a regrettable desecration in 1790. The discussion spans beyond the church’s walls, encompassing the adjacent St. Alphage and the Barber-Surgeons’ Hall, each with its own rich history and architectural significance. Throughout, the narrative interweaves tales of heroism, intellectual pursuit, and communal resilience, painting a vivid portrait of Cripplegate’s enduring legacy within the tapestry of London’s history. The source also says of a different conduit, “this benevolent man also built a conduit at Holborn Bridge, at a cost of £1,500, and gave one hundred and twenty pails for carrying water to such poor women “as were willing,” says Strype, “to take pains.” The article also reports that “as late as the end of the seventeenth century, carriers with yokes and pails perambulated the streets, shouting “Any New River water here?” This indicates a desperate need for water and access to it in the community, which the Cripplegate conduit provided.
“Great Conduit.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Feb. 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Conduit.
This source gives details about the Great Conduit, which brought water from the River Tyburn into London. It details the various streets that the conduit ran through and emphasizes the importance of access to water. From its construction in 1237, the Great Conduit provided a free-flowing water supply to central London. It’s relevant to the Cripplegate Conduit due to the fact that in the 15th century, an off-tap was constructed within the Cripplegate ward. While the source is short, the reference to an off-tap at Cripplegate underscores the role that water sources played in sustaining the various wards of London.
Hogenburg, Frans. “The Grub Street Project.” Londoninum, 1572, www.grubstreetproject.net/london/#map=57/categories=187/@45186,12852,26040z.
This source is a hand drawn map of London from the mid 1550s to the 1560s. It was engraved by German painter Frans Hogenburg and edited by German topogeographer Georg Braun. They both lived from the 1540s to about the 1600s, and the duo worked together on making maps of many different popular cities at the time. This map shows where places in London were in relation to each other geographically and provides a greater understanding of how the waterway connected different areas of the city from 1553 to 1559. In this source, it can be seen just how isolated the Cripplegate Conduit is in comparison to other water features of London. It geographically provides context about the makeup of the Cripplegate Ward and can be paired with text sources to compare and contrast how the conduit is spoken about versus how the conduit is visually represented.
“MoEML: Cripplegate.” MoEML, The Map of Early Modern London, 5 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/CRIP1.htm.
This source gives information about what the Cripplegate area was and how it was used. The Cripplegate was an entryway to the Cripplegate Conduit, where residents from nearby came to fetch water from the well. The naval diarist Samuel Pepy is mentioned to have recorded that the gate was a high traffic area for people leaving the area. John Stow’s work is referenced and it mentions how Cripplegate was a smaller gate, compared to the other gates around in the area, and was sometimes used to display and hang bodies of criminals. This context about the conduit’s gate and area allows the reader to understand the underdeveloped and ghastly atmosphere that surrounded it. The section of “literary references” in this source touches on how the name of the gate and conduit was associated with cripples, and this shows how people may have looked down upon the area in society.
Stow, John, 1525?-1605. “A suruay of London.” With an appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. , 1598. ProQuest, https://login.ezproxy.uta.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.uta.edu/books/suruay-london-contayning-originall-antiquity/docview/2240948469/se-2.
This source is also from John Stow’s survey of London. Stow’s survey looks at various aspects of Cripplegate Ward, but what stood out were the various churches and hospitals within the ward. Despite the negative connotations associated with the name, the presence of churches and hospitals speaks of a community that actively contributed to the well-being of its residents. It’s notable to remember that most of these churches and hospitals were privately funded. This fact reflects broader patterns of civic engagement within the ward and demonstrates how residents took it upon themselves to address their needs. The creation of infrastructure like the Cripplegate Conduit is just another way in which residents ensured their own well-being. Access to clean water was essential for maintaining public health, and in this context, the construction of the conduit underscores the community’s recognition of this fact and demonstrates their dedication to community welfare.
Stow, John, and William fitz-Stephen. Survey of London (1598): Cripplegate Ward. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_CRIP2.htm
The authors of this text, John Stow and William Fitz-Stephen, lived in distinct epochs separated by centuries, with only one likely contributing to this specific section. Fitz-Stephen, a clergyman and administrator, passed away in 1191 well before the inception of the conduit in question. Therefore, it is reasonable to attribute this account to Stow, an esteemed English historian and antiquarian born in London. Within the discourse, on page 240, a passing reference to the Cripplegate water conduit is made, noting its proximity to St. Giles Churchyard. It elucidates that the water distribution system for the entire Cripplegate ward was facilitated through lead piping installed by John Middleton circa 1483. Remarkably, the source underscores a communal endeavor wherein the neighboring inhabitants voluntarily financed the infrastructure, as indicated by the phrase “the inhabitants adjoining castilated it of their own costes.” This observation carries profound implications regarding the socio-political milieu of 15th-century Britain. The characterization of the Cripplegate ward as an undesirable locale, often associated with the destitute, further accentuates the peculiarity of residents having to bear the financial burden for their water supply. Such revelations prompt inquiry into the socio-economic dynamics of early modern London, shedding light on the community’s self-reliance amidst prevailing conditions of impoverishment.
The referenced section:
“Some smal distance from the East end of this church is a water Conduit, Water Conduit without Criplesgate. brought in pipes of Leade frō Higberie by Iohn Middleton one of the executors to Sir William Eastfielde, and of his goods, the inhabitantes adioyning castilated it of their owne costes Bosse in the wall of S. Giles churchyard.” and charges, about the yeare 1483.”
Wilding, Kevan. “The London Wards – Cripplegate in 1756.” London Wiki, 15 Sept. 2023, londonwiki.co.uk/LondonWards/Cripplegate.shtml.
This source was published by London Wiki, a website that provides information about London history from 1600 to 1945, and present day information about London rails. This source explains what the Cripplegate area looked like in 1756, and how the Cripplegate Conduit was later turned into a small pump. It mentions another contributor to the construction of the pump besides Sir William Eastfield, to be the Lord Mayor of London, and that the conduit was built by transporting water in pipes from Tyburn. It mentions how the people living in at the church castellated the water source to match with the Cripplegate. The source also provides information about the surrounding area of the Cripplegate Ward and developments made to the establishments nearby.
WALBROOK by Abigail Benavidez and Kacee Morales
Mitchell, L. (2023, November 23). The ghost of a river – The walbrook. East of Elveden. https://eastofelveden.wordpress.com/2023/11/23/the-ghost-of-a-river-the-walbrook/
The source “The Ghost of a River: The Walbrook” is a blog post authored by Laurence Mitchell, a writer and photographer based in Norwich, UK. This blog post was published on November 23, 2023. Mitchell explores the lost river of London, the Walbrook, tracing its historical significance and its hidden presence in the modern cityscape. He recounts the river’s path through various streets, landmarks, and historical sites, highlighting its role in Roman London and its later disappearance. Mitchell’s narrative connects history, urban exploration, and cultural commentary, and offers readers an interesting glimpse into London’s hidden past and its ongoing influence on the present. By connecting physical remnants of the river with contemporary landmarks, Mitchell creates a vivid portrait of London’s layered history that makes this source valuable.
Stow, John, and William fitz-Stephen. Survey of London (1598): Rivers and Other Waters. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_waters.htm
The source is an excerpt from a historical text detailing the waterways and infrastructure of London, particularly focusing on rivers, brooks, wells, and conduits that supplied fresh water to the city. The author of this text is not explicitly stated. The main points of the source include descriptions of various water sources, their historical significance, decay over time, and efforts to maintain or restore them. It also discusses the construction of conduits to supply fresh water to the city and mentions benefactors who contributed to these projects. This source provides valuable insights into the historical water infrastructure of London, shedding light on urban development, hygiene practices, and civic initiatives throughout different periods. It offers a unique perspective on the challenges and innovations related to water management in medieval and early modern cities, making it a valuable resource for historians, urban planners, and anyone interested in the history of London’s infrastructure.
London geezer. “THE LOST RIVERS OF LONDON The River Walbrook.” Blogger.com, 31 July 2010, lndn.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_lndn_archive.html.
This online source, titled “The Walbrook: London’s Lost River” by the anonymous author of the London Blog, provides an extensive exploration of the historical significance and geographical path of the Walbrook River in London. The author utilizes a combination of historical research, analysis of medieval maps, and personal observations to reconstruct the route and importance of the river. The main points of the source highlight the river’s emergence from Shoreditch, its path through the City of London, and its eventual disappearance beneath modern developments. This source is invaluable for historians, urban planners, and anyone interested in the hidden layers of a city’s past.
Inspiringcity. “Walbrook the River on Which London Was Built.” Inspiring City, 28 Apr. 2013, inspiringcity.com/2013/04/28/walking-the-walbrook-londons-forgotten-river/.
This blog post titled “Walking the Walbrook: London’s Forgotten River” serves as an informative exploration of the historical significance and contemporary relevance of the Walbrook River in London. Authored by an unnamed writer, the post delves into the role of the river in Roman London as a crucial waterway for trade, as well as its transformation into a hidden underground feature of the city’s sewerage network. The author offers perspectives on the path of the river, tracing it from its supposed origin in Shoreditch to its discharge into the Thames at Walbrook Wharf, while also elaborating on historical landmarks and contemporary observations throughout the journey. By combining historical research with contemporary observations and artwork inspired by the river, the post offers a comprehensive understanding of the Walbrook’s significance and the changes it has undergone over the centuries. This source is valuable for those interested in London’s history.
“History.” St Stephen Walbrook London, 11 Dec. 2022, ststephenwalbrook.net/history/.
This source is an excerpt from the history section of the website of St. Stephen Walbrook, a church located in London. While the specific author of this text is not mentioned, it appears to be a compilation of historical information about the church and its surroundings. The source provides a detailed account of the evolution of the church’s physical location and structures over time, from its origins as a temple of Mithras in the second century A.D. to its rebuilding in 1672 after sustaining damage during World War II. Additionally, it briefly touches upon significant historical events such as the Great Plague of 1665 and the air raid of 1941. This source is valuable for anyone interested in the history of London, the development of religious sites, and the impact of historical events on urban infrastructure.
Mirchanandi, Anisha. “Walbrook.” Medieval London, medievallondon.ace.fordham.edu/exhibits/show/medieval-london-sites/walbrook#:~:text=The%20Walbrook%2C%20once%20bustling%20river,with%20its%20tributaries%2C%20near%20the
This source was published in 2017 by Fordham University, a reputable research university. The article was written by Anisha Mirchanandi who has multiple publications through the university. The article details that the river’s first documentation is in 1274. It then details its involvement in London’s old waste management. The article finishes off with descriptions of its current use, which is a cemented street and where to find it. This source is definitely useful because of the detailed descriptions of where to find the river/ the river’s past presence in current London.
Talling, Paul. “London’s Lost Rivers – River Walbrook.” London’s Lost Rivers – Book and Walking Tours by Paul Talling, 2017, www.londonslostrivers.com/river-walbrook.html
This article was published by London’s Lost Rivers which is owned by Paul Talling, a tour guide. The article explains how the river is cemented over and still used for sewage. Additionally it discussed many protests that the river has been involved in. During the “Carnival Against Capitalism” protest in 1999, protesters set off a fire hydrant to let the river be free. This article is useful because it details unique information about the protest as well as some useful information on the church established over the river.
Salterton Arts Review. “Walking the Walbrook – London’s Lost River.” Salterton Arts Review, 2 Jan. 2022, saltertonartsreview.com/2021/02/walking-the-walbrook-londons-lost-river-historic-walk/
This article was published by Salterton Arts Review, a website which provides reviews and recommendations in London. The unnamed author recommends a book titled London’s Lost Rivers: A Walkers Guide by Tom Bolton for the readers interested in finding the Walkbook river. The article is a step by step follow along adventure with the author. This article could definitely be useful because pictures are included at every step. Each picture details a landsight with a short description of what it is and how it could have possibly been important to the river’s history.
Admin. “River Walbrook Archives.” A London Inheritance, 21 Aug. 2022, alondoninheritance.com/tag/river-walbrook/
This article is published by A London Inheritance which is about the private histories behind the public city of London. The author remains unnamed but it’s obvious that they are passionate about sharing the hidden secret of old London. They briefly explain the origins of the Walbrook river but majority of the article is spent discussing an old church. This old church was built on and over the Walbrook river in the 11th century. The church burnt down in 1666 and has since been rebuilt. The article is useful because it discussed the church and its lore which seems to have been overlooked in many other articles.
Lawrence. “When the Walbrook River Powered a Watermill.” Barbican Life, 14 Sept. 2013, barbicanlife.com/when-the-walbrook-river-powered-a-watermill/
The article is published by Barbican Life by Lawrence. This source is definitely unique because it covers the archaeological excavation of the Walbrook river and surrounding areas. The excavation was led by the Museum of London Archaeology. This source is important because it provides information surrounding what was found during the dig and why it’s important or interesting.
FLEET RIVER by John Chambers
UCL River Fleet Restoration Team. History of the River Fleet – London, 27 Mar. 2009, http://www.camden.gov.uk/documents/20142/1458280/River+Fleet.pdf/0f0063cc-7079-32c2-5822-6306dcd56d62.
This article compiled by the UCL River Fleet Restoration Team outlines the rich history of the Fleet River itself, as well as providing a catalog of historical sites near the river in addition to the impact that has been made on them by the river Fleet. The Restoration Team also outlines many references to the river and its tumultuous reputation over the many hundreds of years throughout British history; therefore, cementing its place as a historical site that is extremely important to preserve. Usages of the river fleet in this article date back to the 1100s and detail its history in its different names as well as the indispensable impact that the river’s strategic location has had on London. The behaviors of the river itself and both the problems as well as the benefits are discussed throughout multiple eras of British history, yet the Fleet’s environmental struggle remains its most interesting characteristic.
Sabine, Ernest L. “Butchering in Mediaeval London.” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies, vol. 8, no. 3, July 1933, pp. 335–53. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.uta.edu/10.2307/2848862
Ernest L. Sabine, a medieval scholar, discusses the misuse and attempted recoveries of the Fleet River in his article “Butchering in Medieval London”. Sabine focuses on the lax regulations concerning the cleaning and dressing of animals along the banks of major waterways in London, specifically the Fleet River, and describes how the lack of hygienic laws and mandates coincide with outbreaks of disease. The river was a popular dumping spot for entrails as well as human waste, with the mass majority of the population assuming the current would sweep any undesirable materials downstream into the Thames; however, due to the unpredictable nature of the river’s flow in addition to the composition of the riverbed, the waste began to accumulate in the river causing enough of an uproar that Kings among other highly positioned political figures needed to intervene. With public outcry reaching a high enough volume, the King was forced to sign a writ that would eliminate the sites of pollution from animal carcasses along the Fleet River and push them to the Thames before yet another outbreak of illnesses forced him to ban the dressing of animals within city limits.
Talling, Paul. “The River Fleet by Paul Talling, Author of London’s Lost Rivers.” Hampstead Ponds, Penguis Random House Books, 13 Nov. 2023, http://www.hampsteadponds.co.uk/blog/the-river-fleet-by-paul-talling-author-of-london-s-lost-rivers.
Talling describes the topographical qualities of the Fleet River, noting its reputation as an underground river due to constructions over it. The river now flows under structures and bridges, being fed by two springs and its length dotted with numerous wells that are still visible today. Talling makes references to many poems and other literary works that comment on the Fleet River, especially its reputation as a dumping ground for the general public over the centuries. These poems describe the many infringements on the natural river by human hands, corrupting the waters and polluting its flow with viscera, waste, and trash before government intervention stepped in to rectify its mistreatment. Talling claims that this perpetuated disregard for the river’s sanitation had “left the area insalubrious since at least the thirteenth century”(Talling) and this reputation was translated into many works that mirrored the denizens living around the fleet river, taking the deteriorating and unsavory environment and thereby projecting it onto characters, groups of people, and lifestyles of popular literature.
CHEAPSIDE (GREAT CONDUIT, LITTLE CONDUIT, THE STANDARD) by Kathy Hunter, Aysha Mirza, Rabbia Molai, and Julia Lilly
Shakespeare, William. King Henry IV, 4.2.65. The Works of William Shakespeare [Cambridge Edition] [Vol. 5 of 9]. Ed. William George Clark and William Aldis Wright. MACMILLAN AND CO, 2015.
“all the realm shall be in common; and in Cheapside shall my palfrey go to grass,” (Shakespeare 4.2.65.)
This source is from William Shakespeare’s play “King Henry VI, Part 2.” Shakespeare’s play is a historical trilogy set in England following the life of King Henry VI. The play explores themes of power, rebellion, and political upheaval. In Act IV, Scene II, the character Jack Cade –a rebellious leader– makes a proclamation about Cheapside. While Cheapside is a street in London known for being busy with people shopping for retail and food, Cade declares his intention to make Cheapside a grazing ground for his horse when he becomes king. His declaration marks Cade’s revolutionary intentions and desire to make radical changes in society. This source is useful for understanding the societal and political context of Renaissance England. It also offers a perspective on the individuals who challenged authority and wanted radical change. Most importantly, this source is relevant because the mention of Cheapside provides historical context, illustrating the significance of specific locations in London during this period and what the rebellion against King Henry wanted.
Joslin, Dalyce. Lord Mayor’s Shows. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/SHOW2.htm.
This source is derived from a scholarly work discussing the history of the Lord Mayor’s Show in London. This excerpt draws on several academic references such as Reid, Bergeron, Hutton, and Middleton. The source explains that the Lord Mayor’s Show began in 1215 when King John allowed citizens to elect their own mayor who would then go to Westminster to be presented to the King and swear allegiance to the crown. But this show did not become a civic pageant until the mid-sixteenth century. The Lord Mayor’s traveled through London, beginning at the Guildhall and had stops at St. Paul’s Churchyard, St. Paul’s Cathedral, and along Cheapside, ending back at Guildhall. Cheapside is a symbolic space for ceremonial activities in medieval and early modern London and has great significance in relation to the Lord Mayor’s Show. It is a significant part of the route as it leads to the Little Conduit and St. Paul’s Cathedral.
Devine, Marina. Cheapside Cross (Eleanor Cross). The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/ELEA1.htm.
This source is an article discussing the historical significance of the Cheapside Cross in London. An additional reference used was Stow’s “Survey of London” and Henry Wheatley’s writings to better describe the cross. This cross on Cheapside was a symbol of “kingly love, civic pride, and sectarian violence.” This was one of twelve of Queen Elenor’s crosses across London to honor her memory and was made by her husband Edward I in 1920. In time, the cross was an important landmark to hold events such as jousts, horse races, and royal entries. But the cross was a subject of controversy during the reformation and the English Civil War with tensions between religious and political beliefs. By order of Parliament, the cross was ultimately demolished in 1643 but is still referenced in history and literature.
“Cheapside, the Gardiners, and Pride and Prejudice.” Jane Austen’s World, 9 Jan. 2013, janeaustensworld.com/2012/12/30/cheapside-the-gardiners-and-pride-and-prejudice/. [Pride and Prejudice Chapter 8]
This source, as we all know, is a classic novel written by Jane Austen. The novel discusses topics such as marriage through the lens of different social classes and societal expectations. Although Cheapside is only mentioned briefly in chapter 8, it serves as an example for the main juxtaposition the book holds between the two main characters. Cheapside serves as a symbol of the commercial and middle-class world that is the reality for characters such as Elizabeth Bennet yet outside the aristocratic circles inhabited by characters such as Mr. Darcy.
Jonson, Ben. Excerpts from The Devil Is an Ass. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/DEVI1.htm. [Excerpts from The Devil Is an Ass]
This source is a comedic play written by Benjamin Jonson, set in London’s Cheapside area. The play explores the societal vices and moral corruption prevalent in Jacobean England, utilizing Cheapside as a bustling urban center teeming with characters from various social classes to backdrop the drama that occurs. This play serves as a significant work of Jacobean Drama and does exceptionally well at exploring the culture of Cheapside during the 17th century.
Campbell, James, and Janelle Jenstad. Cheapside Street. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/CHEA2.htm.
This source is an article written by Elizabeth Blackwell that provides an in-depth analysis of the efforts to update London’s Cheapside Street throughout the 20th century. Blackwell examines the socio-economic factors that influenced the development and redevelopment of this iconic street by detailing its evolution from a social hub to a desolate area in need of redevelopment. This academic journal article offers valuable insights into the historical context and urban development processes that shaped Cheapside Street.
Gordon, George Byron. “III. Some Medieval Monuments-Their Associations.” The Museum Journal XIII, no. 3 (September, 1922): 204-237. Accessed March 17, 2024. https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/7268/
The author George Byron Gordon gives a very precise tour of Cheapside, which used to be a market. He provides precise compass-like directions about where you will find each shop and what’s on each corner. For example, on the Southside you will find Friday Street which is where fish is sold on Friday. The Northside boasts The Guildhall and Saint Paul’s Churchyard. He states that while it appears very modern if you make a slight turn, you will find yourself lost in the past. Four famous monuments once stood in Cheapside: Great Conduit and Little Conduit which are both fountains, Cheapside Cross which was a memorial to Queen Eleanor, and lastly, The Standard Cheapside which is where criminals were punished and beheaded. Although the author does not know what it was like as it is long gone, he does a fabulous job of being as descriptive as possible with what information he possesses.
Campagna, Grace. “Get to Know Medieval Londoners – New Crowdsourced Research.” On History (January 9, 2023). Accessed March 17, 2024. https://blog.history.ac.uk/2023/01/get-to-know-medieval-londoners-new-crowdsourced-research/
In her guest blog, Grace Campagna discusses new technological advances that are furthering research on areas such as The Standard Cheapside. She details how crowdsourcing through platforms like Zooniverse gathers and collects data. She states, “The project was born out of a desire to bridge the gap between the academy and popular enthusiasm for the Middle Ages while simultaneously advancing the study of London.” For those who were interested in assisting with the project, she advised there was an opportunity to participate in Transcription Tuesday on January 31, 2023, which was an all-day event where volunteers transcribed important documents online. I am sure they are online now if anyone wants to investigate further.
Cook, Sue. “The medieval standards of London – supplying water to the city.” Making History (Date Unknown). Accessed March 22, 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog7a.shtml
This online article for BBC Home regards a question posed by a listener about the standards (columns and towers) in London, where and when they were built, and for what purpose. A brief summary is given of which the basics of standards and how they supplied water to Medieval London. Afterward, they make suggestions for further reading, websites to peruse, and even places to visit that are of note.
Taylor, John. The Carriers’ Cosmography. The Map of Early Modern London Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, University of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/CARR1.htm. [London: Printed by A. G., 1637.]
The book, “The Carriers Cosmographie” by John Taylor, published in 1637, provides an overview of the transportation and postal services in early 17th-century England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The document serves as a guide to the logistics and communication networks in London as a hub for letters, goods, and people. One specific mention of Cheapside within the document can be found in instructions for sending letters to Edinburgh, Scotland, from the Kings Arms (or the Cradle) at the upper end of Cheapside from which letters were sent every Monday. This reference highlights Cheapside’s role as one of the central points in London’s postal network. This book is a good resource for researchers interested in the history of transportation and infrastructure in early modern England. It offers insights into daily operations and challenges faced by carriers in the 17th century.
Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. Remediated by British History Online. [Kingsford edition, courtesy of The Centre for Metropolitan History. Articles written after 2011 cite from this searchable transcription.] https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/CRIP2.htm#STAN17 [Stow, John. A Survey of London. London, 1603; STC #23343]
The book, A Survey of London by John Stow, published in 1603, provides a detailed description of the layout of the city of London in the 17th century. Within the book, under the section on Cripplegate Ward, there are three specific mentions of Cheapside and where it connects to various streets and buildings in the ward thus highlighting its importance as a main thoroughfare. It specifically mentions Cheapside as being at the west end of Saint Laurence Church which also highlights its importance as being socially important to the area as well. It also highlights Cheapside as a place of business highlighting its importance as a retail environment. This book, along with the provided map, is a good resource for researchers interested in urban planning and maps from early modern England. It offers insights into drawing city boundaries and how to translate a map into written format.
Anno. “THE PASSAGE of our most drad Soueraigne Lady Quene Elyzabeth through the citie of London to Westminster the daye before her coronacion,” 1558; Cum priuilegio [Reference: https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/QMPS1.htm#STAN17%5D
The document “The passage of our most drad Soueraigne Lady Quene Elyzabeth through the citie of London to Westminster the date before her coronacion,” published in 1558, provides a detailed description of Queen Elizabeth passage through the city of London with a focus on her interactions with her subjects and various presentations and pageants made in her honor. There are eight mentions of Cheapeside within the document highlighting its importance as a main thoroughfare in the city of London as well as its social and political importance. In one specific mention, the Queen arrives at the Great Conduit of Cheapeside, an important water feature for the city, and finds it decorated lavishly in her honor. Another significant mention is at the Standard of Cheape, the main market, where the Queen is greeted with trumpets playing. This document is a good source for researchers interested in examining the social and political life of royalty in the 17th century. It offers insights into the importance of government and how it is interrelated to the people and the city sites, such as Cheapeside.
REFLECTIONS (in no particular order)
Kathy Hunter
I love research and find exploring the maps of Olde England quite fascinating. As I was reading the descriptions and learning more about that period in time, I was thinking about the people who lived during this time and what their lives must have been like. The tool itself was quite easy to use, and I found myself looking at places other than what I was assigned, just because I was curious. I love that with a click of the mouse I was transported to another section of London, off to read and explore. When I finished with that, I went on to another. Absorbing all this knowledge that I didn’t have before, and even if I did know of it, I was still able to enjoy reading the articles and information. What’s really cool about the tool is that there are How-To Guides, Getting It Right Quick Links, and even a section on how to Understand the Website and Document Structure. I found myself wandering through them all and planning how to use them when I am teaching a high school English class. Just as we were shown pictures of Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre, I can imagine showing my students different places in Medieval London. Seeing where events happened in history can really help a student remember them better. Visual aids, such as maps, really do help you picture what is going on during a certain time period and make the experience of reading a sonnet or play much more richer. This would also be a great tool for those wishing to travel to England and do a walking history tour of the city of London. I can see a real tie-in between this and the travel industry.
I was thinking of how we read Shakespeare, and wondering if he ever walked the places I just researched, and did he wander around looking for ideas to write a sonnet about, or possibly a play? I have a minor in History, and I love thinking about what was happening around the time an author was writing. It helps make clearer the meaning of the satire, wit, or humor that they are expressing. Looking at maps, reading the research and history of the area where an author grew up or resided can broaden your understanding of why they write like they do, or where a description of something came from, and how what they experienced shines through in their written words.
I found this assignment different than most because I wasn’t asked to read a novel, digest it, dive deep, and then explore that via a ten-page paper with five resources. Instead, I was allowed the ability to poke through a research-based website, seek out new knowledge about old things, and just have fun with it. While I did have my assigned area, The Standard Cheapside, in mind, it was refreshing to just sit at my laptop and click through the pages of the Map of Early Modern London (MoEML), and peruse it. Once again, I really think I could use this at a later date while teaching and enhance the learning of my students.
Cyntia Lopez Lara
My overall experience of using this site to do research on Tower Wharf was incredibly positive, especially as I progressed in this assignment. Through this assignment, I have learned a bit of the mystique and history of a water feature that was essentially unknown to me. It also allowed me to better contextualize British Literature. This reading and research are significantly more difficult than works by Virgil, Marvell, Ovid, and Shakespeare. Those works are open to interpretation and outside of the original work there are various supplementary sources. While most of the text I encountered was easier to understand, the site was completely new. However, the layout and navigation tools were great. My typical experience in literature class has been very straightforward. When I read a text, I analyze its meaning, and identify the literary devices used, all while taking note of recurring themes and characters. This was a new experience, but it became enjoyable after I familiarized myself with the site. It definitely complements and contextualizes the subject of Early Modern Literature. For example, Spencer’s Faerie Queen alludes to the British Monarchy and geography. Those were some of the themes that were present while looking through sources about Tower Wharf as well.
Prior to this assignment, I had never produced an annotated bibliography. I had to do some research before jumping into the assignment. I am not an English major, so this was not up my alley. However, I am always open to learning. Having a partner gave me a point of reference of where to start and decreased the workload. We communicated throughout the entire process and my partner would constantly answer my questions. While we divided the work, we also collaborated and helped each other. Overall, my annotations are the average length of a paragraph. Some sources had limited information, while for others there was a lot of information to filter though. In my annotations, I did have a tendency to first introduce the work and author. Then, I would summarize the work itself and relate it to Tower Wharf. Finally, I would say why the text was useful.
My favorite aspect of the Tower Wharf was the dramatic filial, yet political event surrounding it about the father and daughter parting. The story of Margaret Roper and her father was both fascinating and dramatic. However, this was a typical power play of beheading those against you from Britain. I think that seeing an annotated bibliography in class starting from navigating the site would be extremely helpful. I would also suggest to students to start on the assignment right away and to dedicate enough time to each of the ten works. Also, you might become immersed in the information, so give yourself time to take everything in. I would definitely recommend Tower Wharf to the entire class for a wiki-style article. It is an experience where you can collaborate and discover something new. It is also a more interactive and modern take on literature. Overall, I think it has enough sources and it was a fun water feature.
Madisen Barrera
My experience with my annotated bibliography has been very interesting, informative, and valuable. Overall, it was a positive experience where I learned about new resources and teamwork. This was my first time writing an annotated bibliography and it made me realize how literature is a part of everything from the very distant past to the present. The MoEML is a valuable resource for researching anything related to London, specifically anything on the map of London. There is a very deep history of London, and it shows itself through the many pieces of literature referencing it. Not only are there historic references, but there are also modern-day ones as well. Our bibliography does a good job of showcasing older sources of information as well as modern ones.
Working in a pair allowed us to find different types of sources while simultaneously not overwhelming ourselves with information. Collaborating with my partner meant the work was divided and we were able to have different perspectives on the assignment and that led to a collection of unique sources for our bibliography. There were many options for sources available on the MoEML website, but we wanted to search for others with more depth or mentions of Tower Wharf. Because of the standards we had it was harder to find in-depth sources, especially because the number of actual resources was very limited. I was expecting to find a surplus of resources on Tower Wharf because of its relation to the Tower of London and the river but it was quite the opposite. The surrounding structures overshadowed the Wharf in terms of history, literature, and surviving documents making finding information on the Wharf alone extremely difficult. This led to many options being scrapped because of the lack of genuine mentions of Tower Wharf. The lore and history pertaining to the Tower of London, the Thames river, and the White Tower was more dramatic and relevant compared to the lack of major historic events on the Wharf, but that does not make it any less important than the others. I was honestly expecting some hauntings or supernatural events to be recorded on Tower Wharf due to its old age and proximity to some tragic pieces of history, but there were no sources to be found on that subject matter.
The thing that I noticed throughout our sources was that the little information on Tower Wharf we were finding almost always revolved around some sort of ceremony or trade. It stood out to me because even though the history of Tower Wharf wasn’t as outstanding as some of the other water features, that did not make it any less important to the traditions and lives of the people. I wanted my annotations to tell the deeper sides of the information while also remaining informative and giving credit to the authors or people mentioned. The lore and role of Tower Wharf deserves recognition and I hope to have to have done that through our annotations. I think a wiki-style article created about Tower Wharf would be a good idea. It would be useful, but I would recommend a smaller group of people working on it to be able to do super in-depth research and for people to truly admire the importance of Tower Wharf to the history and traditions of London.
Umber Batool
My experience using the Map of London tool was mixed. It was a little confusing to navigate the website, as it has many links, and those links link to links within links. Searching for sources kind of felt like going in circles at times due to this. My group ended up running into a problem because of this. We had found seemingly four different sources, as all of their URLs were unique. However, upon a closer look, when checking over our annotated bibliography, two pairs of the links directed back to the same page, leaving us to look for two new sources at the last minute. Although this tool provides good information, one must be careful about sources that appear different but are the same. The website needs a little more structure and organization, but I would not let this be the reason I do not recommend this source being used by others. It should just be used carefully.
For this particular water source, we really had to dig to find information, as there was sparse information about the Cripplegate Conduit outside of the MOEML tool. This reading has been different from a regular English class, as it is more based on historical context and geography, as compared to reading where the goal is interpretation. While traditional analysis of texts can be open, this reading is much more structured with fact. Similarity lies in the method of research that was conducted, by searching for sources, reading the abstract and conclusion to get general information, then reading through the middle to find important points. MLA citation style was also another similarity. This research comments on other readings in this course by providing a visual setting of where things are located in old London, especially the sources with pictures and maps. It provides a better context about how people interacted with water bodies around them and the surrounding areas.
Creating a bibliography in a group setting required coordination in regards to figuring out who was writing about which sources. It also required open communication about finishing our individual parts, especially since we ran into the different URL same source problem mentioned above. I noticed references to John Stow’s A Survey of London appeared in a few of our sources. A few of our sources were also Wiki sources, as that is all we could find for our specific conduit. I was not expecting the different URL same source thing, but it was good we learned about it for any future annotated bibliography we create. Future students should know that this conduit was small and centralized in a location that needed water. I do not think an entire class can produce an article on this conduit, as it is quite small with a limited number of sources, but it would be good for a small group.
John Chambers
The Map of Early Modern London contains a useful plethora of information that provides critical sources to aid successful research papers discussing various time periods, economic practices, and environmental circumstances concerning London. Emphasizing the concepts contained in the study of ecologies, this tool is a valuable conglomeration of sources especially as it pertains to the water features assigned in Dr. Hogue’s Early Modern Literature course.
The Map of Early Modern London provides an excellent avenue through which to direct research. The wealth of sources that are already tied to the map itself offer valuable information; however, it can arguably be found more compelling to let the concepts discovered through the sources direct the research. Many of the sources that can be poured over bring up topics like: major events, political issues, civil disagreements between groups of people, law changes concerning social norms, advancements in thinking and so on. One can use the sources in the atlas map to see how civilization in Early Modern London developed as well as track the knowledge gained over the time period all in one complete source.
The MoEML brought up many interesting events in its collection of sources that provided a gateway to exploring topics in depth. Using it to guide research led to a multitude of different changes concerning the River Fleet as well as how the water feature interacted with the public. By using this research tool, I was able to uncover compelling issues entrenched in the river’s history that directly impacted the life of citizens from all social classes. Once I knew what to look for, the research became much easier to obtain, and topics were available to be explored in greater detail. I was able to focus on the environmental impacts of improper management concerning the Fleet River, as well as explore how those practices affected people who either lived or worked along its banks. The river’s close proximity to Fleet Prison presented a large social problem that expanded to change the way the denizens of early modern London thought about and treated sanitation, which presents a striking parallel to literature that is presented in Early Modern Ecologies. The environment plays an instrumental role in pastorals and nature writing, yet the commentary of natural desecration goes largely unnoticed as Early Modern thought focused less on the impact of humanity’s spread and how that aspect of constructing civilizations would affect the natural world.
The usages of pastoral as social commentaries also align with the circumstances of the River Fleet’s history, as this genre of writing is so often rife with politically motivated sentiments buried beneath symbolic language and mythological references. I would recommend this water feature for further study, especially with the emphasis of ecologies, in the vein of studying how human hands have disrupted the environment in their prolific expansion, the issues that arise from this action, as well as the social changes that are implemented to solve these problems. The Fleet River offers a rich history that contains all of these characteristics, as well as an interesting look into how different eras of human civilization have approached them.
Kendall Hayes
I had not heard of this online project before the time it was talked about in class. Not that I had not heard of or seen similar projects, such as sound studies projects to match sounds to locations. Map of Early Modern London was more textual than the previous projects I had seen. Though the information it pulled from to create the articles was on the more creative and historical I had seen. The website itself required a little bit of a learning curve. It seemed simple at first, but it took a while to learn what tab held the information we were looking for. The process of figuring that out was quick. Since starting this project, I was able to learn how to navigate the site well enough.
Other literature classes are less interactive with other people. Most of the time the class is an interaction with other students in the class about scholar’s theories. It was interesting to find a site whereas a class we interacted with the material of the scholars and could potentially add onto their material. MoEML actually had some links to the material we were learning about. The main one that I encountered was that they used one of Shakespeare’s dramas as a source of information for Smithfield. Having more than only scholarly sources was one of the parts of the website that I really liked. The different creative sources allowed me to see how the people of the times might have viewed the area around the water features. For example, Smithfield was mentioned within one of Shakespeare’s dramas. There it was depicted as a negative location stained with blood and violence. However, on MoEML it was depicted as a place where festivals and events were commonly held.
As mentioned above, I was not expecting to find many creative sources at first. The more I looked around the more I realized that it made good use of dramas, poetry, and texts about the areas. As for noticed patterns, I only noticed that most of the articles had information from similar encyclopedias and gazettes texts. It partially makes me interested in knowing if the encyclopedia and gazette entries led to the idea of creating the interactive map.
Future students should definitely have some experience with exploring the website. This project is an interesting way to get started with breaking the information down. But I think allowing students to explore and choose their groups based on water features would be more interactive. The same thing for working as a group to create a Wikipedia-like article throughout the class. Some of the water features were pretty small, but ours, Fleet, was connected to plenty of other sources and smaller sections to cover the information. I think it might be interesting to have class work in groups to help expand the Map of Early Modern London. Especially if the information could be put up to be published on the site.
Julia Lilly
I enjoyed working on the MoEML Annotated Bibliography. This is not an assignment that I have completed before which made it especially interesting. To get started, I consulted MLA standards on Perdue Owl to get a full understanding of what an annotated bibliography is and its purpose as well as to get the proper format for our team paper. Then, I read my three chosen text. Initially I found it a bit difficult to place my chosen text as a resource for others that needed to be annotated. But, after some reflection, I realized that someone researching a specific topic could find my annotation useful in several ways. Not only will it prevent them from reading a long text that does not apply to their research, but it will also help them find the information they do need quickly. Additionally, I understood that by properly keywording my annotation, I would help someone find it more easily in database searches. This is when I fully understood the importance of the assignment. As someone who has completed many assignments where a relevant secondary text must be found and contextualized with the primary text, I understood fully the importance of a well written, keyworded annotation, which also gave me a kind of secondary format or style for my annotation. For example, I used the MLA standard format for how it looks on paper, but within my annotation, I made sure to tell what the text was about, give a detailed example, then to wrap up, I added its value to specific topics for research. By doing this I believe my annotations will be useful in the ways previously described.
As I began working on my annotations, it was interesting to make connections back to the primary text we’ve read in class thus far. For example, one of my annotations was called “The Queen’s Passage.” It was a full account of Queen Elizabeth I’s travel through the city of London. It included every street she took, conversations had, and gifts received. It was so detailed I could almost envision the event. Then, thinking back about text we’ve read which reflected a deep respect and love for Queen Elizabeth, I was able to give “The Queen’s Passage” a deeper meaning and therefore hopefully a better written annotation that someone will find useful. “The Queen’s Passage” was the most enjoyable text, despite it being difficult to read due to the language of the time. My other two chosen text were much shorter and the information within each methodical. This gave me a new challenge. I had to really think hard about how they would be important in someone’s research and that took some time. For example, one of my other chosen text was A Survey of London which is a map of London in written format. It was not necessary for me to read the full text to get the idea, so I focused on how it related back to my water feature – Cheapeside. What I discovered was that the written map included buildings at certain intersections, such as the church Saint Laurence. This church was right off Cheapeside which tells us that Cheapeside was a main thoroughfare and socially important as church in the 17th century was very important part of people’s daily lives. Therefore, I was able to place its importance in research to urban planning and cartography which I included in my annotation.
In summary, I found working on this assignment more enjoyable than expected. I also enjoyed playing with the map online and reflecting on what the Queen’s passage looked like at that time. I don’t think our water feature had much to do with water other than there being a conduit running through it, but it is an important and interesting area to focus on. For example, my research discovered some interesting facts about Cheapeside and how important it was to the city of London in the 17th century. It could be an area a full class could take on as there are many references to the area throughout many various types of text. My team, who did an excellent job with their annotations, also found a reference to Cheapeside in the novel Pride and Prejudice, thus reinforcing my thought that this area of London still has a lot to be explored. I hope my annotations will help someone in their research whether it be to not read a text and waste their time or to find the perfect text they need to author an excellent paper or complete important research. If Dr. Hogue agrees that my annotations were suitable and well written, I would be pleased for them to go on his website.
Jason C. Hogue, Ph.D. 